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JLPT N5 Grammar Guide: Complete List of 30 Patterns with Japanese Examples

N5 grammar is not about memorizing labels — it is about recognizing these patterns instantly in sentences and producing them correctly under exam timing.

There are about 30 core JLPT N5 grammar patterns, but they fall into a few repeatable systems: copula forms, polite verb conjugation, te-form constructions, adjective changes, existence patterns, wants and preferences, and basic question formation. Once you understand those groups, beginner sentences become much easier to read, parse, and produce under exam timing.

This guide covers: all 30 N5 patterns in one reference table, dedicated explanations for the 3 hardest groups (te-form, adjectives, ある vs いる), common errors, and a full FAQ including how て-form is built and what is tested most on the exam.

All 30 N5 Grammar Patterns: Reference Table

Pattern, function, example sentence, and translation

PatternFunctionExampleTranslation
Copula forms
State: is / am / are私は学生です。I am a student.
Negative state: is not私は先生ではありません。I am not a teacher.
Past state: was昨日は月曜日でした。Yesterday was Monday.
Past negative state: was not昨日は休みではありませんでした。Yesterday was not a holiday.
Polite verb forms
Polite present / future毎日日本語を勉強します。I study Japanese every day.
Polite negative肉を食べません。I don't eat meat.
Polite past昨日映画を見ました。I watched a movie yesterday.
Polite past negative昨日は学校に行きませんでした。I didn't go to school yesterday.
Te-form constructions
Request: please doここに名前を書いてください。Please write your name here.
Ongoing action / habitual action今、ご飯を食べています。I am eating now.
Permission: may / it is OK toここで写真を撮ってもいいです。You may take photos here.
Prohibition: must notここでタバコを吸ってはいけません。You must not smoke here.
After doing X, then Y宿題をしてから、テレビを見ます。I watch TV after doing homework.
Request not to do: please don'tここで走らないでください。Please don't run here.
Want / desire
Want to do (speaker's desire)日本へ行きたいです。I want to go to Japan.
Adjective forms
State with い-adj (present)この本は面白いです。This book is interesting.
Negative of い-adjこの本は面白くないです。This book is not interesting.
Past of い-adj昨日は寒かったです。It was cold yesterday.
Past negative of い-adj昨日はあまり寒くなかったです。It wasn't very cold yesterday.
State with な-adj (present)東京はにぎやかです。Tokyo is lively.
Negative of な-adjこの部屋は静かではありません。This room is not quiet.
Existence and preference
Existence of things / objectsテーブルの上に本があります。There is a book on the table.
Existence of people / animals公園に子どもがいます。There are children in the park.
Like / dislike私は音楽が好きです。I like music.
Good at / bad at田中さんは料理が上手です。Tanaka-san is good at cooking.
Questions and comparison
Yes/no questionこれはあなたの本ですか。Is this your book?
Wh- question (what/where/who/when)どこで日本語を勉強しましたか。Where did you study Japanese?
Invitation: won't you...? / shall we?一緒に昼ごはんを食べませんか。Shall we eat lunch together?
Comparison: A is more X than B東京は大阪より大きいです。Tokyo is bigger than Osaka.
Reason / because眠いですから、寝ます。Because I'm sleepy, I'll sleep.

Reinforce these patterns with the N5 particles guide — particles and grammar patterns always appear together.

Te-Form Constructions: The Most Important Group

Six N5 patterns are built on the て-form. Getting て-form right unlocks all six at once.

How to build て-form

Verb endingChangeExampleTe-form
〜く→ いて書く書いて
〜ぐ→ いで泳ぐ泳いで
〜す→ して話す話して
〜つ / 〜る / 〜う→ って待つ / 帰る / 買う待って / 帰って / 買って
〜ぬ / 〜ぶ / 〜む→ んで飲む飲んで
Group 2 (〜る verbs)る → て食べる / 見る食べて / 見て
Irregular—する / くる / いくして / きて / いって

The six て-form patterns compared

PatternMeaningExample
〜てくださいPlease do X座ってください。(Please sit down.)
〜ていますIs doing X / does X habitually勉強しています。(I am studying.)
〜てもいいですYou may do X帰ってもいいです。(You may go home.)
〜てはいけませんYou must not do X入ってはいけません。(You must not enter.)
〜てからAfter doing X食べてから出かけます。(I'll go out after eating.)
〜ないでくださいPlease don't do X騒がないでください。(Please don't make noise.)

い-Adjectives vs な-Adjectives

These two adjective types conjugate differently. Confusing them is one of the most common N5 grammar errors.

い-adjective conjugation

Change the final い of the adjective:

FormChangeExample (大きい)Meaning
Present positive— (base form)大きいですIt is big.
Present negativeい → くない大きくないですIt is not big.
Past positiveい → かった大きかったですIt was big.
Past negativeい → くなかった大きくなかったですIt was not big.

な-adjective conjugation

The adjective itself does not change — the です after it changes:

FormPatternExample (静か)Meaning
Present positiveな-adj + です静かですIt is quiet.
Present negativeな-adj + ではありません静かではありませんIt is not quiet.
Past positiveな-adj + でした静かでしたIt was quiet.
Past negativeな-adj + ではありませんでした静かではありませんでしたIt was not quiet.

Tricky な-adjectives that look like い-adjectives

好き、嫌い、上手、下手、きれい — all end in い or い-sound, but all are な-adjectives. Do not apply い-conjugation rules to them. ✗ 好くない → ✓ 好きではありません。

あります vs います: Existence Patterns

Both mean "there is / there are" but they are not interchangeable.

PatternUsed forExampleTranslation
〜がありますNon-living things (objects, plants)机の上にパソコンがあります。There is a computer on the desk.
〜がいますLiving things (people, animals)庭に犬がいます。There is a dog in the garden.

The location comes first: Place + に + subject + が + あります/います。 The location particle is always に for existence — never で. See the particles guide for the に vs で contrast.

Common Grammar Mistakes at N5

Errors that cost marks on the test

FAQ

What grammar patterns are tested on JLPT N5?

JLPT N5 tests roughly 30 grammar patterns. The core categories are: copula forms (です and its past/negative variants), polite verb forms (ます/ません/ました/ませんでした), te-form constructions (てください、ています、てもいいです、てはいけません), adjective conjugation for both い and な types, existence patterns (ある/いる), wants (たい), and question formation. Particles are also heavily tested.

What is the difference between い-adjectives and な-adjectives?

い-adjectives conjugate by changing the final い: 大きい → 大きくない → 大きかった. な-adjectives do not conjugate themselves — the です after them changes: きれいです → きれいではありません → きれいでした. The most common error: treating 好き、嫌い、上手、下手 as い-adjectives. They are な-adjectives despite the い ending.

How do I form the て-form?

Group 2 (る-verbs): drop る, add て — 食べる → 食べて. Group 1 (う-verbs): the final sound changes in groups — く→いて, す→して, つ/る/う→って, ぬ/ぶ/む→んで. Irregular: する→して, くる→きて, いく→いって. Once you know て-form, all six て-form patterns in this guide open up immediately.

How is 〜ています used?

〜ています has two N5 uses: (1) ongoing action right now — 今、ご飯を食べています (I am eating now); (2) habitual action — 毎日日本語を勉強しています (I study Japanese every day, as a habit). Context determines which meaning applies. A third use — resulting state — appears at N4.

What N5 grammar is tested most frequently on the exam?

Based on past paper analysis: particle selection (は vs が、に vs で), te-form constructions (especially てください and ています), い-adjective and な-adjective negative forms, and たい. Copula forms appear in almost every sentence but are rarely the focused question — they are assumed background knowledge.

How many grammar patterns should I study per day?

2–3 new patterns per day is the effective limit. For each: read the structure, copy the example sentence, then write 2 sentences using the pattern with your own vocabulary. At 2 patterns per day, you cover all 30 N5 patterns in 2 weeks. Review every 3–4 days — pattern recognition under exam timing requires repeated exposure, not just initial learning.

Next Step in YoruLearn

Practice patterns in real sentence context

After reviewing this reference table, the fastest way to lock in N5 grammar is to see each pattern in full reading passages. The N5 reading practice page has 5 passages using these exact patterns with comprehension questions.

What to Study Next